Race and Racism in Michelle Alexanders The New Jim Crow - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 904 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Racism Essay Did you like this example? â€Å"The New Jim Crow† is a wonderful account on the revival of a racially biased society in the United States. Race is defined as a group of human beings distinguished by a common origin, shared habits, and interests or same physical attributes. Racism, on the other hand, refers to the discrimination against an individual based on their race. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Race and Racism in Michelle Alexanders The New Jim Crow" essay for you Create order Racism can be extended to include the belief that a given race has specific attributes which makes it superior or inferior compared to other races. This paper will seek to address race and racism by critically reviewing â€Å"The New Jim Crow† by Michelle Alexander. Jim Crow refers to a section of the state constitution used to impose discrimination policies based on color, social class or family background. In that regard, members of the African-American community were not able to access equal social and political opportunities simply because they were believed to come from an inferior race. Though the Jim Crow sections of the state constitutions supporting racial segregation have been done away with, the current American legal system has changed to be â€Å"The New Jim Crow.† And so, African-Americans and other minority groups in the United States are made to serve unfair legal restrictions which undermine their privileges as American citizens. Despite many people believing that racial discrimination ended in the 1960s thanks to a number of civil rights movements, Michelle Alexander through â€Å"The New Jim Crow† gives a picture of how government institutions are up to suppress the achievement of a one race society. The legal sy stem is not consistent in its administration of justice. â€Å"The same supreme court that had ordered integration and encouraged civil rights legislation† was now â€Å"bending over backwards to help criminals† who were terrorizing black people (Alexander 42). Again, the shortening of jail sentences for African-Americans will not serve to improve the well-being of the color community, but constitutional amendments to eradicate partisan racial policies will prove significant in changing the American racial narrative. â€Å"The New Jim Crow† puts into perspective the war on drugs and how it has been used as a tool to undermine the status of African-American citizens in the United States. It is a common assumption by members of the white race that all drug-related problems in the United States are making of the black community. The Drug Enforcement Administration, which is the trusted federal wing to handle the use and spread of dangerous drugs, has been pinpointing few individuals from the black community and criminalizing them with drug-related charges hence leading to increased numbers of black people in the American correctional facilities. For this reason, Michelle Alexander seeks to shade light and bring into public knowledge the vice of social stratification, where black people and members of minority groups are made to suffer for crimes they didn’t commit. â€Å"The war on drugs offered whites opposed to racial reforms a unique opportunity to express their hostility towards b lacks† (Alexander 53). The book is aimed at mobilizing the civil rights fraternity to take action against a biased government system which is victimizing its own citizens on a color basis. The author is adding her voice to support a discriminated community by explaining to them how the system is working against them and informing them of the possible avenues through which lasting solutions to racial problems can be achieved. In addition, Michelle Alexander denotes racial history as an abandoned discussion among American households. Using the term race has been made to sound irrelevant in the United States, with many people believing that racial discrimination was a thing of the past while in a real sense it is still a common vice. â€Å"Some discrimination would be conscious and deliberate, as many honestly and consciously would believe that black men deserve more scrutiny and harsher treatment† (Alexander 105). Notwithstanding the milestone achieved in racial integration, the slaves brought in from Africa as a result of the slave trade are yet to obtain the status they desire in the American society. Sending their kids to separate schools doesnt conform to the norms and deeds of a healthy society and further limiting their economic opportunities only serves to undermine them rather than controlling social problems. The belief that all Americans are in a position to achieve what they dream is only true to some as â€Å"The New Jim Crow† hinders them from securing nice jobs and accessing bank loans to startup businesses. The colorblind policies imposed by a biased legal system doesn’t give them the conducive environment required for personal development thereby poverty will for long be a black people’s crisis. In conclusion, the election of Barrack Obama as the first black president of the United States has not convinced Alexander Michelle that America has surpassed racial challenges. Importantly, the existence of economic and social barriers against people of color and other minority groups cannot be overshadowed by few achievements made by African-American individuals. The author doesn’t aim to revive racial antagonism but rather wishes to emphasize the need for equal treatment of all races in the United States. Race or social class should not be a determining factor when it comes to employment or administration of justice, therefore, â€Å"The New Jim Crow† should serve as a mirror for Americans to see into themselves. Policy makers, legal practitioners, and politicians should not perceive the book as an attack on their side but a challenge to change towards establishing an all-inclusive society.

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 969 Words

Riordan 1 At its most simplistic form, nostalgia is a sentimental longing for the past. It is a subtle phenomenon that is associated with a person or place. Fitzgerald plays this concept into his novel The Great Gatsby, which is narrated by a character named Nick Carraway. Nick tells of his neighbor Gatsby, who goes to extreme lengths to reclaim a lost love. Throughout the novel, Gatsby serves as a conduit for humanity’s nostalgic depictions of the past. He accumulates massive amounts of wealth and even changes his identity in efforts to relive something that has already passed. Fitzgerald draws from this, and conceptualizes how nostalgia distorts a person’s overall perception of being. Gatsby dreams an intangible world and constantly strives to sculpt his life in which his actions are manifestations of his desire to be wealthy. Gatsby’s identity is superficial, and Nick sees through this faà §ade. â€Å"If personality is an unbroken series of successful gestures, then there was something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life†¦ it was an extraordinary gift for hope, a romantic readiness such as I have never found in any other person and which it is not likely I shall ever find again (Fitzgerald 2)† Gatsby has a quality that many people, including Nick, admire; hope. He is constantly reaching for Daisy and goes to extensive lengths to acquire her. His ambitious state of mind constitutes for his progressive nature however, he simultaneouslyShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author helped to launch the theme that is so prevalent in his work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920’s. Also known as the â€Å"roaring twenties†, it was a time where life consisted of prodigality and extravagant parties. Writing based on his personal experiences, author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1166 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Haze F. Scott Fitzgerald lived in a time that was characterized by an unbelievable lack of substance. After the tragedy and horrors of WWI, people were focused on anything that they could that would distract from the emptiness that had swallowed them. Tangible greed tied with extreme materialism left many, by the end of this time period, disenchanted. The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered aroundRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of w ealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around that

Poetry of Love and War Essay Example For Students

Poetry of Love and War Essay Whilst time changes many things, one thing it does not change is the experience of deep emotions. Whether they are love, hatred, grief or friendship, human have always attempted to explore what It Is to love and to hate. One way they have done this is through poetry. Four poems which do just this are the nineteenth century love poem, Friendship After Love, written by Ella Wheeler Wilcox, e Cummings, It may not always be so written in the twentieth century, World War One poem Dulcet et Decorum Est written by Wilfred Owen and finally, Homecoming written by Bruce Dade about the Vietnam War. These four poems explore many things about love, war and the similarities and differences between them. Though written In different times, all four poems explore essentially the same things; whether It Is communicated through love or war. Friendship After Love, written in the nineteenth century by Ella Wheeler Wilcox, depicts the progression of a relationship from the stages of love and passion to the heartbreak at the loss of love and finally to the steady state of friendship. She speaks of her love, which began so passionately, but became nothing ore than friendship, relating her experience of that lost love through this poem. The progression of love Is Inevitable and must be accepted. Friendship After Love explores the changes and movement of the love she has experienced. Whilst there Is always a sense of loss when a relationship ends, there can also be resolution and relief from the expectation that can overwhelm a relationship, Why are we haunted with a sense of loss? , He beckons us to follow, and across/Cool verdant vales we wander free from care. Whether or not a friendship evolves from a passionate allegations, does not stop the connection which will always remain between two people who have shared an experience of love together. Although the end of a relationship, such as the one In this poem, Is often for the better, a sense of emptiness can be felt from the loss of such a relationship, Is it a touch of frost lies in the air? Why are we haunted with a sense of loss? We do not wish the pain back, or the heat/ And yet, and yet, these days are incomplete. Many important and interesting ideas are explored about love in Friendship After Love. The feelings of affection and love depicted In this poem are experienced by many. Love Is a universal theme and the Ideas and struggles experienced In this poem are of Individuals of all types, worldwide. This poem explores the unpredictability and imperfection of love, flaws which need to be accepted. The intensity of love cannot be upheld by two people for an extensive amount of time. It eventually fades, showing the true underlying foundations of the relationships and whether they are stable or not. The loss of love Is difficult and painful, but not all love lost must end in hatred. The idea f friendship after is explored In this poem, Comes large-eyed friendship, underlying the positives of an end to a relationship. Techniques are used In writing poems to help convey a message. Ella Wheeler Wilcox used many techniques when writing Friendship After Love, which helped her to communicate her ideas about love and the loss of it. Personification was very important in the composition of this poem, So after Love has led us, till he tires/ Of his own throes, and torments, and desires. She uses this method to suggest and signify that love is not unseen and is very real. Disarmer all ablaze/ Has burned itself to ashes, and expires/ In the intensity of its own fires. Using metaphor helps to portray the vehemence of love and loves ability to burn itself out. It also helps to create an image of passionate love as an extreme fire, helping us to understand the ideas being conveyed in this poem. The structure used, as well as rhyme and punctuation, have hidden significance. Th e structure used for Friendship After Love is inconsistent and changeable, conveying loves unpredictability and varying phases.

What Is the Most Effective Way to Introduce Pythagorean Theorem to Students

Introduction about the topic When introducing theorems to students it is often important to make them understand the way the theorem is proved rather than simply learn algebraic representation or formula. As far as the Pythagorean Theorem is concerned it is essential to remember that is based on major principles of Pythagoras.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What Is the Most Effective Way to Introduce Pythagorean Theorem to Students? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since it is accepted that the Western cultures and sciences largely rely on Pythagorean principles it is but natural to make students aware of the discourse concerning Pythagorean ideas. More so, students would be able to memorize the theorem due to their interest to its creator and his ideas. Therefore, the most effective way to introduce the Pythagorean Theorem is to provide the most interesting facts about Pythagoras, his major concepts and the his tory of the theorem development. After that it is possible to pass on to providing certain ways to prove the theorem. The two articles to be used are the work by Habibi (2010) and the work by Ramsahoye and Finlay (2010). Introducing the text Mezban Habibi (2010) argues that it is not enough to present the algebraic formula to students since they should be aware of the discourse concerning Pythagoras and his concepts to understand the significance of the theorem. Evaluating The article can be regarded as a valuable source of some of the most important theoretical background when considering the Pythagorean Theorem in terms of teaching mathematics since it relies on thorough research in the field. Position in relation to other contributions to knowledge Habibi’s claims have been confirmed by many studies which claim that mere memorizing is not as effective as making students understand ties between different aspects of knowledge.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More How it is relevant to my research topic Habibi’s approach can be applied during mathematics classes since his work provides a simple example of one of effective ways to introduce the Pythagorean Theorem to students. Introducing the text Ramsahoye and Finlay (2010) provide a thorough analysis of Holbein’s The Ambassadors in terms of major Pythagorean concepts. Evaluating Ramsahoye and Finlay (2010) rely on many reputable sources considering different manifestation of Pythagorean concepts in the painting and, more generally, in various aspects of human life Position in relation to other contributions to knowledge The claim of Ramsahoye and Finlay (2010) concerning possibility to find numerous manifestations of Pythagorean ideas in science and art has been confirmed by many researchers (Habibi, 2010; Hamming, 1980). How it is relevant to my research topic The major findings of Ramsahoye an d Finlay (2010) can be applied during classes of mathematics. Admittedly, after such discussion students will be able to understand the essence and importance of the theorem. Reference List Habibi, M. (2010). Short Proofs for Pythagorean Theorem. International Mathematical Forum, 5(66), 3273-3282. Ramsahoye, R., Finlay, J. (2010). â€Å"The goods of Friends are Common†: Pythagorean Theorems and Renaissance Ideals of Friendship in Holbein’s The Ambassadors. Artfractures Quarterly (5), 5-17.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What Is the Most Effective Way to Introduce Pythagorean Theorem to Students? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on What Is the Most Effective Way to Introduce Pythagorean Theorem to Students? was written and submitted by user D0m1n0 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Studying Debut Albums and Good Behavior Essay

Studying Debut Albums and Good Behavior Essay Studying: Debut Albums and Good Behavior Essay Thoa Tran ENG 111, M61B Instructor: Mrs. Rebecca Boncal August 28, 2014 This I Believe Essay Good Behavior I am open mine and always help people when they need me help them. If I have good behavior with every people, I will receive a good thing either. I believe that happen in my life. I believe if I have good behavior with my coworker, I will have a good relationship with them and comfortable work environment either. When I started working at the nail shop, I hadn’t known anything what I can do. I always have smile face with my worker and then asked them when they need help. During the training time I have a lot of trouble with my job but my coworker help me a lot such as teach me how to do an service with customer, and how to ask them what they need to take care and how to do a good service for client. My coworker and I have good behavior with each other, so we can share lunch and help each other while we are working every day. Therefore, we have happy work environment, and we have never fight or jell at work. I do not get angry with any one, so people cannot get angry at me. In addition, when I have a service for difficult customer, I will have a good behavior with them, and make them happy while I am doing for them. Cause of my behavior, my client cannot difficult with me anymore. I believe that if I forgive for someone, I will be excused from another one. For example, when I parking my car in a parking lot, somebody hit my car and they came to see me to talk about this problem. I said with them its ok because trust has some of cracked in my car then I did not call my insurance to solve this problem. Because I think if I open with them when I have them same situation they will resolve easy to me either. One day, I backed up my car and I just have a light hit of someone else car. Then they checked their car and they just saw a small problem. We talk about that for few minute, and they know me is a student, so they forgive to me. The most things I believe if I have a good behavior with my family or my relationship; they wi ll be good with me either. I take care of them and think

Battle of Stoke Field in the War of the Roses

Battle of Stoke Field in the War of the Roses Battle of Stoke Field: Conflict Date: The Battle of Stoke Field was fought on June 16, 1487, and was the last engagement of the Wars of the Roses (1455-1485). Armies Commanders House of Lancaster King Henry VIIEarl of Oxford12,000 men House of York/Tudor John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln8,000 men Battle of Stoke Field - Background: Though Henry VII was crowned King of England in 1485, his and the Lancastrian hold on power remained somewhat tenuous as several Yorkist factions continued plot ways to regain the throne. The strongest male claimant from the Yorkist dynasty was the twelve-year old Edward, Earl of Warwick. Captured by Henry, Edward was kept confined at the Tower of London. Around this time, a priest named Richard Simmons (or Roger Simons) discovered a young boy named Lambert Simnel who bore a strong resemblance to Richard, Duke of York, son of King Edward IV, and the younger of the vanished Princes in the Tower. Battle of Stoke Field - Training an Impostor: Educating the boy in courtly manners, Simmons intended to present Simnel as Richard with the goal of having him crowned king. Moving forward, he soon changed his plans after hearing rumors that Edward had died during his imprisonment in the Tower. Spreading rumors that young Warwick had actually escaped from London, he planned to present Simnel as Edward. In doing so, he garnered support from several Yorkists including John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln. Though Lincoln had reconciled with Henry, he had a claim to the throne and had been designated the royal heir by Richard III before his death. Battle of Stoke Field - The Plan Evolves: Lincoln most likely knew that Simnel was an imposter, but the boy provided an opportunity to unseat Henry and exact revenge. Leaving the English court on March 19, 1487, Lincoln traveled to Mechelen where he met with his aunt, Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy. Supporting Lincolns plan, Margaret provided financial backing as well as around 1,500 German mercenaries led by the veteran commander Martin Schwartz. Joined by a number of Richard IIIs former supporters, including Lord Lovell, Lincoln sailed for Ireland with his troops. There he met Simmons who had earlier traveled to Ireland with Simnel. Presenting the boy to the Lord Deputy of Ireland, the Earl of Kildare, they were able to secure his backing as Yorkist sentiment in Ireland was strong. To bolster support, Simnel was crowned King Edward VI at Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin on May 24, 1487. Working with Sir Thomas Fitzgerald, Lincoln was able to recruit around 4,500 lightly armed Irish mercenaries for his army. Aware of Lincolns activities and that Simnel was being advanced as Edward, Henry had the young boy taken from the Tower and publicly shown around London. Battle of Stoke Field -Â  The Yorkist Army Forms: Crossing to England, Lincolns forces landed at Furness, Lancashire on June 4. Met by several nobles led by Sir Thomas Broughton, the Yorkist army swelled to around 8,000 men. Marching hard, Lincoln covered 200 miles in fives days, with Lovell defeating a small royal force at Branham Moor on June 10. After largely evading Henrys northern army led by the Earl of Northumberland, Lincoln reached Doncaster. Here Lancastrian cavalry under Lord Scales fought a three-day delaying action through Sherwood Forest. Assembling his army at Kenilworth, Henry began moving against the rebels. Battle of Stoke Field - Battle is Joined: Learning that Lincoln had crossed the Trent, Henry began moving east towards Newark on June 15. Crossing the river, Lincoln encamped for the night on high ground near Stoke in a position that had the river on three sides. Early on June 16, the vanguard of Henrys army, led by the Earl of Oxford, arrived on the battlefield to find Lincolns army forming on the heights. In position by 9:00 AM, Oxford elected to open fire with his archers rather than wait for Henry to arrive with the rest of the army. Showering the Yorkists with arrows, Oxfords archers began to inflict heavy casualties on Lincolns lightly armored men. Faced with the choice of abandoning the high ground or continuing to lose men to the archers, Lincoln ordered his troops to charge forward with the goal of crushing Oxford before Henry reached the field. Striking Oxfords lines, the Yorkists had some early success but the tide began to turn as the better armor and weapons of the Lancastrians began to tell. Fighting for three hours, the battle was decided by a counterattack launched by Oxford. Shattering the Yorkist lines, many of Lincolns men fled with only Schwartzs mercenaries fighting until the end. In the fighting, Lincoln, Fitzgerald, Broughton, and Schwartz were killed while Lovell fled across the river and was never seen again. Battle of Stoke Field - Aftermath: The Battle of Stoke Field cost Henry around 3,000 killed and wounded while the Yorkists lost around 4,000. In addition, many surviving English and Irish Yorkist troops were captured and hung. Other captured Yorkists were given clemency and escaped with fines and attainders against their property. Among those captured after the battle was Simnel. Recognizing that the boy was a pawn in the Yorkist scheme, Henry pardoned Simnel and gave him a job in the royal kitchens. The Battle of Stoke Field effectively ended the Wars of the Roses securing Henrys throne and the new Tudor dynasty. Selected Sources UK Battlefield Resources Centre: Battle of Stoke FieldTudor Place: Battle of StokeWars of the Roses: Battle of Stoke

The Impact of Key External Environmental Factors Assignment

The Impact of Key External Environmental Factors - Assignment Example This paper gives a critical analysis and discussion of the interaction of the Morrison’s Supermarkets with its environment and its implication on the performance of the firm. In addition, the stakeholders of the firm are analyzed in terms of the potential conflict of interest. Wm. Morrison’s Supermarkets Plc Morrison’s Supermarket is a grocery retailer in the United Kingdom and is one of the largest retail business which has a large share of the food market. The supermarkets supply food ingredients to its customer base and it aims at providing fresh supplies as its selling point. This has greatly has contributed to its immense success. The supermarket has skilled and experienced food specialists who have enabled fresh food ingredients are provided to the customers. The interaction of the firm with its environment gives it a competitive edge over its competitors. Supply chain The Morison’s has its own supply chain which has enabled it to have a competitive advantage over businesses which supply the same products. In addition, Morrison’s has its own production plants for its food products which means they manufacture, pack and grade their own products before they are supplied to the customers. ... The Political and Social Environment Needle The consciousness of the society on healthy living has increased tremendously and this has impacted on the strategies used by retailers in promotion and marketing of their products. There is an increased prevalence of obesity in the United Kingdom which has led to the involvement of the government in attempting to reduce the obese cases in the country. According to Wm. Morrison’s Supermarkets Plc (2009), 23% of adults within the United Kingdom are classified as being obese. Pressure groups in the UK have attacked the retail market arguing that misleading labeling on foodstuffs by supermarkets are to blame for the unhealthy lifestyles in the country. Many families have therefore found it hard to balance their diet through proper food lifestyles. The regulation of the government on the food products of the Morrison’s include the determination of the sugar, salt and fat content of the food which is produced and sold to the public . This is due to the increased campaigns on the benefits of a balanced diet that have caused the public to be conscious of the number of nutrients in the foods sold in supermarkets. Because supermarkets act as the major source of food supply to the public, they are blamed for the poor health among the majority of the UK citizens. Some segments of the UK food market are unable to access and supply healthy food to the public. As a result, the Morrisson’s have utilized this opportunity by providing the healthy and fresh ingredients at a reasonable cost to its customer which has made the firm to be among the top suppliers of food ingredients in the United Kingdom.  

2 page letter to the editor Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

2 page letter to the editor - Assignment Example This involves an ability to clearly think through an issue, formulate opinion / policy, communicate it effectively and argue successfully the merits and demerits of the opinion and alternatives. In other words, a leader has to talk, listen and argue coherently to win over skeptics if any. Since we are all individuals from different socio-economic and political backgrounds, we manifest our leadership qualities in different styles. Some of us are authoritative, some are democratic and yet others are of please-all by nature. These styles appear appropriate in different situations e.g., military commanders are in general more authoritative, HR managers are more democratic etc. Authoritative leaders impose their will on the subordinates or even colleagues by the force of their personality and the power of their hierarchical status. Persuasive leaders opt for a more democratic approach Since the topic of healthcare reform is with the political leaders, I wish to draw a parallel with the council member of our neighborhood and the successful way he practices his leadership skills. On the one hand, this council member has to listen to the suggestions and grievances of his constituency (voters), prioritize them and do his best to get them executed through the administration. On the other hand, he has to contend with similar (and sometimes, opposing) demands from the other council members who have obligations to their own voters. There are political careers involved here and the contest is, as in the National Congress, among local leaders. Our council member is a soft spoken Republican. His priorities are dictated by public opinion and national policy. His interactions with the other council members can be seen as the flip side of his interactions with his own voters. Skillfully, he persuades the other council members to support his priorities within reasonable limits and extends similar support to them. By this way, he has

Era of Good Feelings Essay Example for Free

Era of Good Feelings Essay An Era of Good Feeings is unity within a country, a stable government, beneficial or good foreign policy, and more. It shows how a country or region is in a good time period in regards to politics, economics, and social factors. The time period after the War of 1812 is often labeled the Era of Good Feelings due to nationalism. The government along with the people encouraged and maintained unity and stabilization within the country. There are many examples of nationalism that support that the time period after the War of 1812 was an era of good feelings. One example was the construction of canals and roads (Doc. B). The construction of roads and canals lead to more communication in regards to spreading news and informing one another about whats going on in society. Furthermore, they lead to easier transportation. With roads and canals people were able to travel much easier and interact with one another more. An example of a canal that was built was the Erie Canal, the Erie Canal allowed goods to transfer from city to city in a much more efficient way. Another example of nationalism was the slave revolt (Doc. G). A former slave by the name of Denmark Vesey decided to plan a slave revolt after becoming free from his owner. Thousands of blacks were involve with the plan by overthrowing their owners by killing them. He eventually was set out to be hung once the whole massacre was over with. This is an example of nationalism because it shows how equality was being fought by black citizens. They were revolting to show how they think that they should be treated exactly how the whites were treated instead of being mistaken as servants. Lastly, another example of nationalism was the Monroe Doctrine (Doc. H). The Monroe Doctrine stated that European nations should not and can not interfere with affairs of the Western Hemisphere. In other words it was telling Europeans to back off and leave the United States alone. This is an example of nationalism because it shows how the Unites States was taking a stand for themselves and showing European power that they were not going to tolerate anyone stepping ove r them since they ultimately knew themselves that they had power which meant they were a force to be reckoned with. These are some of many examples of nationalism that support that the time period after the War of 1812 was an Era of Good Feelings. Many can argue that the time period following the War of 1812 was an Era of Good Feelings in result of nationalism. One example of  nationalism that support the statement are the roads and canals. Furthermore, another example was the slave revolt that was lead by Denmark Vesey. Lastly, another example was the signing of the Monroe Doctrine. Nationalism within the United States positively affected the country by leading them to maintain and further expand their country over the years.

Womens Roles in The Yellow Wallpaper and The Withered Arm

Women's Roles in The Yellow Wallpaper and The Withered Arm In the late 19th century, women were expected to conform to the conventions of society. This meant that they were expected to get married young, pure and beautiful. They were treated like objects as if men bought them. How the woman felt was irrelevant in this period. Women were expected to produce an 'heir and a spare'. Women were also victim to double standards. For example, women had to deal with a child out of wedlock yet were given no responsibility for this. This contrasts strongly to a woman's role in society today. However, women are still expected to get married and give birth to a child. I am going to explore this issue in two short stories; The Yellow Wallpaper written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in 1892, and The Withered Arm written by Thomas Hardy in 1887. The Yellow Wallpaper is about a women suffering from postnatal depression that is given the 'rest cure'. She feels trapped and eventually goes mad. The Withered Arm is about a milkmaid called Rhoda who had a child out of wedlock and has been excluded from society. The man with whom she had the child with gets married to a young girl who Rhoda resents and in a dream disfigures her arm. The young bride tries to cure her arm by touching a recently executed man who turns out to be Rhoda's son. The shock kills the young bride and the husband sees the error of his ways and soon dies himself. In The Withered Arm, Hardy portrays how negative life was for women in Victorian society. However, on the other hand, he clearly shows sympathy for the plight of women which suggests he had a desire for change. Hardy shows how the role of women in Victorian society was to get married. If... ...ath also forces Farmer Lodge to see the error of his ways. In The Yellow Wallpaper, The speaker defies the conventions of society by creeping around openly in front of John, however, in the same moment; she appears to have gone mad. This appears to be the only way out for her. Both stories symbolise how hard it was not to conform to society; a person died in one and in the other, a person went mad. They show that emancipation was almost impossible for a woman in Victorian times. The two stories use different narrative viewpoints. The Withered Arm uses the third person narration, which is seen to be more sympathetic towards the plight of women and more objective. The Yellow Wallpaper uses the first person narration, which seems less convincing and bias, however it also symbolises the aloneness of the speaker and her lack of voice empathises her plight.

Ethics, Morality, and Legality Essay

Ethics are defined as individual perceptions of what is right or wrong, good or bad based on an individuals morals and values and also based on social values. Too often bribery is mistaken for lobbying. Bribery is illegal and short-term while lobbying is legal and a more permanent solution. There exists certain loopholes in law that allow for bribery to take place in the name of lobbying as was the case for the Winter Olympics Scandal where Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC) members gave gifts to International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials in a bid to influence them to pick salt lake city as the venue for the winter Olympics. Punishment for violating ethical and legal codes should be punitive as well as rehabilitative. However reforms should not be limited to the affected person to prevent future occurrences. Ethics, Morality, and Legality Bribery and lobbying are two phenomena that are very often misinterpreted such that it easy to confuse bribery for lobbying. According to the Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary, lobbying is â€Å"to promote, as a project, or secure the passage of, as legislation, by influencing public officials† (lobbying, n. d. ). Bribery on the other hand is regarded as illegal, but there has been a great debate as to whether bribery should be considered as unethical or illegal. However, most scholars and business people regard bribery as a phenomenon that ought to be regarded as unethical. There is a difference between these two phenomena that should be explored. Harstard and Svensson, argues that through lobbying firms can be able to change the rules to their advantage (Harstard and Svensson, 2005). As an option the firm may prefer to offer a bureaucrat a bribe so that he may bend the rules for them so that they may avoid the cost of complying. While lobbying results in a change, a bribe only bends the rules. However while a change of rules is more permanent the bureaucrat does not commit to not asking for a bribe in future. Based on a simple growth model, firms tend to prefer to bribe when the expected development is low but prefer to lobby when the expected development is high (Harstard and Svensson, 2005). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (15 U. S. C. sec. 78) stipulates that it is illegal for US firms to give bribes locally or internationally. The act defines a bribe as an illegal payment meant to influence or sway an official to award or maintain a business activity. So there has to be possible profit from any venture for which a firm allegedly bribes in order for it qualify as a bribe. In the case of alleged bribery by members of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC) to the members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to select Salt Lake City as the 2002 Winter Olympics’ venue the committee could have defended themselves in the following way: the committee could have argued that while it is illegal to give bribes, it was not illegal to give gifts and in fact the IOC rules provided for gift offering so long as the value of the gifts did not exceed 150 dollars. Ethics are defined as the beliefs about what is right or wrong, good and bad and is based on an individual’s values and morals and how the behavior is perceived by society. Legal principles are derived from the society’s or a firm’s ethical principles. Since ethical and legal principles are what drive firms and societies in general, they are therefore important. Violation of ethical and legal principles should be punishable by legal sanctions such as imprisonment (Rawl, 1994). The former Volkswagen personnel director Klaus Volkert who sentenced to two years in prison for involvement in a bribery scandal that financed prostitutes and exotic holidays for union officials in order to get their support in management plans. However punishment should not be the only motive behind legal sanctions, the authorities should also aim at rehabilitating the affected person (Punishment, 2003). The remedies should not be limited to punishment of the affected employee rather there should be reforms in the entire organization in order to avert future scandals and to create a better business culture. Ethics drive organizations and societies. Each organization has its own code of ethics which must be followed by its personnel. Often bribery is mistaken for lobbying and might be used by organizations in a bid to achieve its goals. However bribery is illegal and goes against ethics and law. Those who engage in bribery should be punished. References Harstad, B. , Svensson, J. (2005). Bribe or Lobby: It’s a Matter of Development. Retrieved July 18 2010, from, http://www. kellogg. northwestern. edu/base/papers/harstad. pdf Lobbying. (n. d. ) Merriam Webster Dictionary. Retrieved July 18 2010, from, http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/lobbying Punishment. (2003). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved July 18 2010, from, http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/punishment/ Rawls, J. (1994). Punishment. Retrieved July 18 2010, from, http://ethics. sandiego. edu/Applied/deathpenalty/Rawls. html

Relapse Prevention Plan Essay

Jed. a 38 – twelvemonth old welder. enrolled in the intervention centre after his apprehension ensuing from drunken drive ( DUI/DWI ) ( National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. n. d. ) . His attorney has advised him to halt imbibing and acquire intervention until his test day of the month. which is in approximative two months. Jed does non believe that he will function any gaol clip. but feels that intervention could assist beef up his tribunal instance ( National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. n. d. ) . In this paper. I will make a backsliding bar program that will help Jed as he enters into his intervention plan. This paper will besides demo ways to place the warning marks of backsliding. A backsliding begins long before the individual really picks up a drink or drug ( Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration ( SAMHSA ) -Department of Health and Human Services. 2007 ) . Most adept gradual warning marks that revive denial and consequence into intense hurting calls for self-medication with intoxicant or other drugs or both which is fundamentally a baronial thought. It is non a witting undertaking. The warning marks in this instance are known to develop spontaneously and instinctively. Owing to that fact that non many retrieving people are ever taught on the best ways to acknowledge and mange backsliding warning marks. they are non able to place them up to the point when they start experiencing intolerable hurting. Measure 1: Stabilization Relapse bar planning will most likely non work if the relapser is non sober and in control of himself ( Addiction in adult females. 2010 ) . Detoxification and soberness are really critical for the backsliding bar program to work successfully. Having in head that most people who relapse are toxic. even if they are sober. it will still be really hard for them to believe clearly retrieve things and pull off their emotions. The symptoms would declinein any instance the individual gets isolated from the society or when he undergoes stress. It is advisable to travel easy and concentrate on the rudimentss and in this instance. the inquiry here should be â€Å"What is it that you need to make to avoid imbibing today? † Measure 2: Appraisal This measure aims at placing the progressive form of jobs that did ensue into the past backslidings and so happen solutions to the hurting ensuing from such jobs. This would be accompanied by the Reconstruction of the current jobs. the intoxicant and substance usage history. life history and retrieval backsliding history. Through the Reconstruction and presentation of jobs. the now and here issues that stand to do immediate menace to sobriety can be pinpointed and crisis programs developed to decide such issues. Measure 3: Backsliding Education Relapsers have to be familiar with the backsliding procedure and the best ways to pull off it. Involving the household and other patrons is a great thought. The instruction should endeavor to stress four chief messages: First. backsliding is an ordinary and a natural procedure in the recovery out of the chemical dependance. One should non be ashamed of it like in the instance of Jed who â€Å"gets jumpy† when he tries to remain off from imbibing. experiencing â€Å"closed in or like he is suffocating† . He besides can non conceive of how to explicate to his brothers why he is non fall ining them in the bars. Second. people are non all of a sudden taken rummy. There are gradual warning mark patterns that indicate they are easy cropping in once more. Such marks can merely be recognized when one is sober. Third. after they are identified. the retrieving persons can acquire to larn how to pull off such backsliding warning marks when sober. And the last 1 is that hope is existent. Jed one time attended a few AA meetings. but did non experience that AA was helpful: â€Å"It was listening to a batch of cats whining†¦ . † This should and will most likely alteration if he attends a talk that describes the typical warning marks that precede backsliding to chemical usage. Measure 4: Warning Sign Identification Relapsers should be able to find the jobs that resulted into backsliding. The chief aim here is to name personal warning marks that made them travel from a province of stable recovery all the manner back to chemical usage. There is barely of all time merely a individual warning mark. Normally a series of warning marks develop one after the other to make backsliding. The cumulative consequence is what wears them down. The ultimate warning mark is fundamentally last blow. Unfortunately most relapsers think it is the last warning mark that caused it all. For this ground. they tend to presume the early and more delicate warning marks that leads to the concluding catastrophe. Measure 5: Follow-up The warning marks are unbound to alter with advancement in recovery ( Field. Caetano. Harris. Frankowski & A ; Roudsari. 2009 ) . Each of the phases involved in the recovery procedure has typical warning marks. The ability to cover with the warning marks of one phase of recovery does non warranty that one will cognize how to pull off the warning marks of the following phase. The backsliding bar program hence has to be updated more frequently which should be ; monthly for the first three months. quarterly for the first two old ages. and yearly thenceforth. Name now for immediate backsliding bar aid. MentionsAddiction in adult females. . ( 2010 ) . Harvard Mental Health Letter. 26 ( 7 ) . 1–3. Field. C. A. . Caetano. R. . Harris. T. R. . Frankowski. R. . and Roudsari. B. . ( 2009 ) . Cultural differences in imbibing results following a brief intoxicant intercession in the injury attention puting. Society for the Study of Addiction. 105. 62–73. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. ( n. d. ) . Case examples. Retrieved March 28. 2010. from hypertext transfer protocol: //pubs. niaaa. National Institutes of Health. gov/publications/Social/Teaching % 20Case % 20Examples/Case % 20Examples. hypertext markup language Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration ( SAMHSA ) -Department of Health and Human Services. ( 2007 ) . Retrieved October 31. 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Organization of American States. samhsa. gov/nsduh/2k7nsduh/2k7results. cfm # 2. 7 Class: Essay Alcoholic Anonymous. ( 2014 ) . About AA meetings [ Newsgroup remark ] . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. aa. org. au/new-to-aa/about-aa-meetings. php Capuzzi. D. . & A ; Stauffer. M. D. ( 2012 ) . Foundations of dependence guidance ( 2nd ed. ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //dx. Department of the Interior. org/1009-0001-1763-00001764 National Institute on Alcohol

Irving Berlin

Irving Berlin Free Online Research Papers Irving Berlin was born in the poverty stricken town of Tyumen, Russia. He was born on May 11th, 1988 and his birth name was Israel Baline. He was the youngest of 9 children born to Moses and Leah (Lena) Baline. In 1893, escaping Russian persecution, the Baline’s fled to America and settled in the lower East side of New York. Baline’s father was a shochel for the Jewish synagogue in Russia and after arriving in New York he was forced to work in local markets. The Baline children had to work selling newspapers to help the family, like so many other immigrated families had to do. Shortly after his fathers death in 1896, Baline ran away from home. After leaving home, Baline earned money by singing at popular cafes and restaurants in the Bowery. Baline was hired as a singing waiter at Pelham’s in 1906. There he met a co-worker by the name of â€Å"Nick† Nicholson. Pelham asked Nick to write a song and Baline to write the lyrics to outdo to employees at a rival cafà © that had written and published a song. The two of them titled the song Marie of Sunny Italy. To introduce the song, Baline often sang the song while working. It quickly became popular with the customers in Pelham’s. Stern had decided to publish the song and when they read the cover they noticed a printing error that had changed Baline’s name to Irving Berlin. Not wanting to cause any more confusion than necessary, Baline stuck with the error and from that moment on was known to the world as Irving Berlin. To have had no formal musical education in his life, his musical career was becoming successful. He earned thirty-seven cents in royalties for the song Marie of Sunny Italy. In 1908, Berlin accidentally wrote a melody for a potent al song, which was later called Dorando. Berlin was offered 25 dollars for a completed copy of the song. Since he did not know how to write or play music, he hired an arranger to compose to melody for the lyrics. Using the same arranger he had hired, he also completed the song The Best of Friends Must Part. Berlins lyrics were becoming so famous that the New York Journal hired him to write some verses. He wrote the lyrics to many of Americas most patriotic songs. One which was dedicated as our country national anthem, God Bless America. Berlin’s music was starting to boom and his life was now something different from what he had known as a child, Berlin had money and lots of it. Though he had money and fame something was missing from his life that he wasn’t aware was missing, love. A young woman by the name of Dorthy Goetz had come to his office one day begging for a copy of any one of Berlins songs for her to sing. Before Goetz could get all the words out of her mouth, another woman came into Berlins office begging for a song as well. Goetz was a quiet and shy woman but after seeing the desperate woman pleading for a song that all changed. Afraid that she wouldn’t get the copy she so desperately wanted, she grabbed the other woman by the hair and they began to fight. Shocked by what was happening in his office, Berlin attempted to break up the two young women but was unsuccessful. When the fighting finally ended, he gave the copy to the other woman and asked Dorthy out on a date. After what w as a short courtship, the two got married in February, 1913. The spent their honeymoon in Cuba which would later yield a terrible mistake. At the time of their honeymoon, a horrible case of typhoid had spread throughout Cube. Immediately after returning from the honeymoon, Dorthy became ill. Deep in love with his new bride, Berlin tried desperately to get his wife better. He had 2 full time doctors in the home caring for Dorthy; however, in a time when antibiotics didn’t exist there was nothing they could do to save her. Dorthy passed away in July of 1913. Berlin feel into a deep depression. While he was mourning the lose of his wife, he wrote one of his biggest hits When I Lost You. Berlin would wait many years before we would marry again, twelve to be exact. In 1926 Berlin married Ellin Mackay, the daughter of Postal Telegraph Company CEO, Clarence Mackay. Ellins father contested the marriage which was publicly announced often. Despite his disapproval the two secretly marri ed. They had 4 children throughout their marriage, Irving Jr., Linda Louise, Mary Ellin and Elizabeth Iris. Berlins fame soared with his first complete score Watch Your Step, in 1914. During WW II, he felt that it was important to show first hand the lives of the soldiers so he wrote This is the Army. The show raised $10 million and all of the proceeds went to the Army Emergency Relief fund. Following the war, Berlin wrote numerous songs for the American Red Cross. February 18, 1955, President Eisenhower presented Berlin with a gold medal for composing so many of Americas patriotic songs. Berlin also assigned the copyright for â€Å"God Bless America† to the God Bless America fund, which raises money for the Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts throughout America. In a biography published in 1924, songwriter Jerome Kern stated â€Å" Irving Berlin had no place in American music. He is American music†. Irving Berlin died on September 22, 1989 at the age of 101. Citation Page Parlorsongs.com, Richard Reublin, Feb 2003 Answers.com, Biography Jewishvirtuallibrary.com â€Å"As Thousands Cheer†, Laurence Bergreen Research Papers on Irving BerlinHip-Hop is ArtWhere Wild and West MeetNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Spring and AutumnThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

The Books of Homers Iliad

The Books of Homer's Iliad The Iliad, an epic poem attributed to Homer and the oldest extant piece of European literature, is conventionally divided into 24 books. Here youll find an approximately one-page summary of each book, a description of the major characters and sometimes places, and an English translation. For help identifying the topic of each book, phrases or tags follow the summary link. Books 1-4 have cultural notes to help you as you start reading the Iliad. [The Odyssey | For a Greek version of The Iliad, see ​The Chicago Homer.] I Summary.Supplication. Plague. Quarrel.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation.Cultural Notes on Iliad Book I II Summary.Greeks and Trojans get ready for battle.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation.Cultural Notes on Iliad Book II III Summary.Paris single combat with Menelaus.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation.Cultural Notes on Iliad Book III IV Summary.Quarrel among the gods.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation.Cultural Notes on Iliad Book IV V Summary.Athena helps Diomedes. He injures Aphrodite and Ares.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. VI Summary.Andromache begs Hector not to fight.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. VII Summary.Ajax and Hector fight, but neither wins. Paris refuses to give up Helen.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. VIII Summary.2nd battle; Greeks beaten back.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. IX Summary.Agamemnon returns Briseis to Achilles.Major Character s of the Book.English Translation. X Summary.Odysseus and Diomedes capture a Trojan spy.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XI Summary.Nestor urges Patroclus to persuade Achilles to lend him his armor and his men.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XII Summary.Trojans get through Greek walls.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XIII Summary.Poseidon helps the Greeks.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XIV Summary.Largely through the shenanigans of the gods, the Trojans are driven back. Hector is wounded.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XV Summary.Apollo sent to heal Hector. Hector burns Greek ships.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XVI Summary.Achilles lets Patroclus wear his armor and lead his Myrmidons. Hector kills Patroclus.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XVII Summary.Achilles learns Patroclus is dead.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XVIII Summary.Achilles mourns. Shield of Achilles.Major Cha racters of the Book.English Translation. XIX Summary.Reconciled with Agamemnon, Achilles agrees to lead the Greeks.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XX Summary.Gods join the battle. Hera, Athena, Poseidon, Hermes, and Hephaestus for the Greeks. Apollo, Artemis, Ares, and Aphrodite for the Trojans.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XXI Summary.Achilles winning. Trojans retreat.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XXII Summary.Hector and Achilles meet in single combat. Death of Hector.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XXIII Summary.Funeral Games for Patroclus.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XXIV Summary.Hector desecration, return, and burial.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation.

William Blake wrote of mind-forg'd manacles in his poem London Research Paper

William Blake wrote of mind-forg'd manacles in his poem London. Discuss at least two works' views on the responsibilities of individuals and the responsibilities of society - Research Paper Example In fear of the revolution spreading at home and overthrowing the government, the authorities were concerned about the radical sentiments that were harboring in England. The public response was much radicalized followed by the authoritarian response of putting restrictions in places. Blake’s reference to â€Å"mind-forg’d manacles† points towards the repression of free thinking which was put in place to restrict the freedom of radical thinking or speech. London subtly talks about freedom, uninhibited freedom, which assists the common man. The relationship between the society and the individual is of vital importance in the poem as Blake writes to describe the society-individual relationship in the social context, as though a social contract exists between the two. Two works that represent the responsibilities of the individual and the society are Boys and Girls by Alice Munro and The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas by Ursula Le Guin. This paper will seek to explain the responsibilities of the entities, society and individual, in the light of works by Munro and Le Guin. The manacles which Blake talks about is meant to represent a sort of physical restriction preventing free movement, which is used to explain the repressive laws that were implemented to inhibit the freedom of printing presses and publications. Most importantly, these manacles are placed on the mind to restrict free thinking to prevent any radical uprising. Very covertly, Blake has spoken about the social contract that exists between a society and an individual which directs the responsibilities of both entities so that they fulfill their expected tasks in a way that is beneficial for both. However, once the freedom of the common man is restricted by any means, there is sure to be a response. The society as an independent entity exerts pressure on the individuals, dwelling in its context, to show compliance to the agreed set of terms. Much of these implicit

Myers-Briggs assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Myers-Briggs assignment - Essay Example The first two letters are E and I. They are meant to measure if a person is more of an extravert (tend to focus on the outer world of people and things), or an introvert (tend to focus on the inner world or ideas and impressions). The next two letters are S and N. The letter S refers to sensing (people who tend to focus on the present and the concrete information gained from their senses), while the letter N refers to iNtuition (people who tend to focus on the future, with a particular view toward patterns and possibilities). Next are the letter T and F. T refers to Thinking (people who tend to base their decisions on logic and an objective analysis of cause and effect), while F refers to feeling (people who tend to base their decisions primarily on values and on a subjective evaluation of person-centered concerns). Finally, the report generates either a J or a P. J refers to Judgement (people who tend to like a planned and organized approach to life and prefer to have things settled . They are more likely to schedule their activities and they prefer the ‘destination’ as opposed to the ‘journey’). The letter P refers to Perception (people who tend to be flexible and spontaneous in their approach to life. They are not as likely to schedule their activities, as they prefer to keep their options open). The Myers-Briggs assessment was first utilized in 1943 and has become the instrument of choice for countless organizations around the world in helping their people better understand themselves. The assessment was actually developed by a mother daughter team of Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers. Their goal was to take their research on personality type theory and turn that it into a tool that could prove useful is helping describe the various temperaments that people have. Interestingly enough, Carl Jung was a heavy influence on the work of both ladies that were responsible for the

Consumer Behaviour and Segmentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Consumer Behaviour and Segmentation - Essay Example The researcher states that the goal of market segmentation is to identify distinct consumer groups that have homogeneous needs. Tailoring the marketing mix for particular segments leads to better planning and more effective use of marketing resources. Coles and Culley, for example, illustrate how DuPont segmented its market for Kevlar, an aramid fiber that is lighter yet stronger than steel. The company focused the unique needs of consumers in three different segments. Potential fishing boat owners: Kevlar's lightness promised fuel savings, increased speed, and the ability to carry more fish weight. Aircraft designers: Kevlar has a high strength-to-weight ratio. Industrial plant managers: Kevlar could replace the asbestos used for packing pumps. The market segmentation design, based on product benefits, is widely recognized as the state of the art and superior to traditional segmentation schemes based on industry type or consumer size, sustaining a segmentation strategy based on benefits alone is often difficult for the product market. Eventually, in a competitive market, competitors are able to offer equivalent products and the abnormal profits start to deteriorate. This situation is especially prevalent for industrial raw materials and supplies that are difficult to differentiate by functions and features alone. As the product market turns a commodity, price and service become important buying criteria for some consumers.... In this paper the consumer buying behaviour model has been generally applied to segment consumers which can be used by many large industrial companies. In addition, it will be appreciated how segmentation analysis can be used proactively to influence consumers' movements to segments that are mutually beneficial to the seller and buyer. In contrast, previous application work (Moriarty and Reibstein 1986) attempted to uncover existing segments as a way to position products strategically. Consumer Buying Behaviour Model & Market Segmentation The consumer buying behaviour model is derived largely from economic theory of consumer demand and the normative concepts of economic man and rational behaviour. The assumptions of consumer demand specify that buyers, at the point of purchase, possess perfect information about products and prices, are certain of their own stable tastes and preferences, are capable of perfectly processing information, and can express preferences between goods and bundles of goods without cost (Schwartz 1986). The model for the consumer decision process is based on assumptions about the behaviour of economic man who chooses a good for its primary function. The rational decision maker adheres to the tenets of Herbert Simon's three-step model in which one (1) identifies the problem, (2) gathers information, and (3) makes a choice based on the information (Simon 1957). In spite of contemporary consumer behaviour texts resting heavily on the tenets of psychology and sociology to explain attitudes, motivati ons, and behaviour, the discipline holds fast to economic theory. Research on market segmentation offers several bases for segmenting consumers (Frank, Massy, and Wind 1972), including: demographic descriptors such

Nature And Nurture On Neural And Cognitive Development

Nature And Nurture On Neural And Cognitive Development Throughout history, an ongoing debate has taken place regarding whether the development of certain aspects of an individuals life are affected more through nature or nurture. Those that argue for nature believe that genes influence an individuals development. Those that believe in nurtures influence claim that an individuals experience has more of an effect upon an adolescents temperament. Recently, researchers have uncovered evidence that it is not only nature or nurture that influences development, but a complex combination of both. This manuscript will attempt to cover some of the factors that influence an adolescents neural, cognitive, and emotional development. The degree to which nature and nurture influence these particular aspects of an individuals life will also be discussed. Lastly, this manuscript will briefly explore the possibility of genetics and environment off setting deficiencies in the one another. Discussion Neural Development One aspect of human development that has been focused upon in research is that of neural development. During early prenatal neural development, the brain takes its initial shape as well as forms neurons which create a foundation for future neural development. To guide this development, neurons are directed either chemically or by other cells which act as signposts. This guiding allows neurons to form the distinct sections of the brain which include the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain. It is during this formation neuron specialization takes place in that like-minded cells bunch together to process certain forms of information like auditory and visual. It is still controversial amongst researchers how this specialization occurs with some researchers believing that neurons possess a protomap (Rakic, 1988) while others believe that the functions of neurons are decided by the environmental inputs received (OLeary, 1989). While most evidence found points to the latter result, th ere is still much research that needs to be performed (Broderick Blewitt, 2010). During later prenatal brain development, researchers have found that the sensory organs of the fetus have developed enough to receive and interpret information from outside of the mothers womb. One study performed found that fetuses showed recognition to a point when a familiar nursery rhyme was played for the mother carrying the fetus (Decasper, Lecaneut, Busnel, Granier-Deferre, Maugeais, 1994). In another study, researchers sewed one eye shut of several kittens at birth. Several weeks later, the researchers opened the closed eyes and found the kitten had been rendered irreversibly blind in that particular eye (Wiesel Hubel, 1965). This research provided evidence that environmental neural stimulation was important for the neurons to initiate the connections that are needed for sight which, one may assume, would be the same for hearing as well (Broderick Blewitt, 2010). After birth, researchers have found that most neural development is associated with the creation of synapses rather than the production of more neurons as well as a pruning of arbitrary neurons. This production and pruning of synapses and neurons is a result of both the introduction of chemical substances to the neurons which promote synaptic growth and the sensory information introduced to the neurons as a result of infant actions and environmental factors. As this sensory information is introduced, synapses are formed to accommodate this new information. Greenough and Black (1992) discussed how during this period, two types of synapses are created which are experience-expectant and experience-dependant. Experience-expectant synapses are synapses that are overproduced because they are synapses that have occurred regularly within the evolution of the species. It is when these synapses are not stimulated that problems such as what was discussed above with the kittens occur. The format ion of experience-dependant synapses, as the name would suggest, is dependant upon the amount of stimulation available from the experiences of the infant. Researchers have found that stimulating and complex environments have positive effects upon the growth of experience-dependant synapses in rat pups and other mammals (Kolb, Gibb, Robinson, 2003). The branching points that are left after this process are a direct result of genetics, conditions of the prenatal period, nutrition, and the infants experiences and environmental experiences after birth. Cognitive Development The next developmental area on which this manuscript shall focus is that of cognitive development. During infancy, one area researchers have focused upon is an infants ability to remember and recall. Researchers have found that infants as young as three-days-old suck harder on pacifiers when they hear their mothers voice as opposed to that of a stranger indicating a sense of recognition on the infants part (DeCasper Fifer, 1980). This recognition has been shown to improve throughout infancy. A newborns recognition period has been found to fade after a few minutes or seconds (DeCasper Spence, 1986) while, in other studies, three-month-olds have been shown to give recognition after several months (Bahrick Pickens, 1995). Likewise, recall has been shown to increase dramatically once it begins. Studies have shown that infants display recall of simple actions as early as nine months (Meltzhoff, 1988). Further studies have shown that 11-month-olds may recall simple actions for as long a s three months and 20-month-olds may recall more complex actions for as long as a year later (Bauer, 2006). Research has also been preformed on cognitive development during an individuals preschool years. One area of study included the childs understanding of numbers. For example, Antell and Keating (1983) allowed a five-month-old to watch as they placed a doll behind a screen and also as they added one additional doll. The infants displayed surprise if there was one doll present when the screen was removed while those that saw two were not. This would indicate that newborns have some knowledge of addition and subtraction. Another study by Gelman and Gallistel (1978) taught children to pick a plate with a larger number of items between two plates each with a differing quantity of items. After the researchers changed the way the items were arranged on the plate, the children expressed surprise at the change but were still able to correctly choose the plate with the larger number of items. A more recent study by Sigler and Ramani (2008) found that children who were introduced to number-based board games displayed a greater ability to correctly estimate a number on a number line than those who played games that did not include numbers. These studies give evidence for both the nature and nurture sides of the debate. Emotional Development The last developmental area focused upon within this manuscript is that of emotional development. Currently, researchers disagree upon the initial development of emotions. One argument is that an infant is born with a set of basic emotions directly related to the neural processes that are related to the emotional expression of the infant (Izard, 2004). For example, if an infant looks angry, then it is angry. In contradiction to this theory, Sroufe (1996) believes that emotions start as undifferentiated responses that develop into differentiated responses which then develop into an emotional repertoire. Sroufe argues that emotions start this way because infants lack the cognitive processes with which to assign emotional experiences. Both theories give indication of genetic origins of an individuals emotions. As emotional development continues, researchers have found that infants learn how to moderate their emotions for different situations. For example, during one study by Jahromi, Putnam, and Stifter (2004) on infants emotional responses to inoculations, the researchers observed as mothers of two-month-olds soothed their infants. The researchers found that as the infants grew older the intensity and duration of the infants crying decreased which indicates an increasing emotional control as infants grow older. The researchers believed that the change in the emotional control came about to a degree from the mothers interaction with the infant. Another study, by Tronick, Als, and Brazelton (1980), observed the exchange as mothers either responded positively or negatively towards their infants emotions. During the exchanges the mother was instructed to respond positively to the infants emotions which garnered a positive emotional reaction from the infant. The mother was then instructed to stop responding to the infant that garnered what researchers referred to as other-directed coping behaviors which are facial expressions and vocalizations designed to try and get the mother to resume their previous actions. As the mother continued this action the baby became frustrated and took part in what the researchers referred to as self-coping behaviors such as thumb sucking and rocking. This research provides evidence that an infants adult caregiver provides critical support during an infants development of emotional self regulation (Broderick Blewitt, 2010). Gene Expression When discussing human development, the question of why certain genes express themselves while others do not is, many times, brought to the forefront. Each gene is made up of alleles that a child receives from both their mother and their father. Alleles may be dominant or recessive. If an infant receives two dominant or two recessive alleles, the infant will display those characteristics. Sometimes, in the case of two dominant alleles, alleles express codominance such as in the case of a dominant Type A blood allele and dominant Type B blood allele the infant will express Type AB blood. If an infant receives one dominant and one recessive gene, the infant will display the characteristics of the dominant allele. For example, if a child receives a recessive allele for red hair from both parents, then the infant will develop red hair. If the same child had received a dominant allele for brown hair from one of the parents, the child would have developed with brown hair. This phenomenon ma y also be used to explain why certain genetic disorders express themselves when they do such as the defective recessive allele for sickle-cell anemia or the defective dominant allele for progeria (Broderick Blewitt, 2010). Nature and Nurture Off Setting One would assume that, based upon the recent evidence that development is affected by both nature and nurture, that, in certain situations, one may be used to off set a deficiency in the other. The results provided in the following studies offer evidence supporting the phenomenon of epigenesis which is the control of genetic expression through correlation of both environmental and genetic factors (Broderick Blewitt, 2010). One study by Caspi, McClay, Moffitt, Mill, Martin, Craig, et. al. (2002) conducted to find out how different MAOA alleles, which release the enzymes controlling production of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, affect childrens susceptibility to the negative effects of abusive environments in the early years of life. The researchers found that in individuals that had experienced early child abuse, there was a link between the low MAOA allele and aggression. Likewise, in individuals that had not experienced abuse as a child, there was no correlation between the production of MAOA and aggression. Reiss and Neiderhiser (2000) discussed how some irritable children appear to inherit some qualities such as irritability from their parents which evokes a hostile environment from those around them only reinforcing their irritable tendencies. They further discussed how these tendencies may be off set by environmental circumstances that do not sustain their irritable behavior. Results such as those provided by this research along with many others shed light upon one of the many possibilities unlocked by the further research of the nature and nurture controversy. Conclusion The nature versus nurture controversy has been strongly debated within the discipline of developmental psychology for many years. This manuscript cited many studies which have given evidence to the degree of influence both nature and nurture has on the neural, cognitive, and emotional development of an individual. From the results of these studies, it is easy to see that development is impacted by both nature and nurture in their own unique ways. Studies have even shown that it may be possible to off set certain deficiencies in genetics with environmental aspects or vice versa. The results of these studies provide important insight into the behavior of an individual, how they may have developed that way, and how that particular form of development may be reversed or avoided in others. There is no doubt that as the depth of research into the nature versus nurture controversy grows those within the psychological community, as well as numerous other disciplines, will be able to assist a larger number of individuals with developmental problems with increasing levels of accuracy.

Aspergers Syndrome Essay -- Health, Diseases

In 2009, twenty-six year old, Zev Glassenber, with Asperger’s Syndrome, was a contestant on the Amazing Race. As you learn more about Asperger’s Syndrome ask yourself, â€Å"How did Zev deal with the social stress, physical challenges and constant changes as his raced around the world with his best friend Justin Kanew?† (Bruckheimer, Amazing Race 15, 2009) While Asperger’s Syndrome (AS) has probably been around since the beginning of time, the earliest known research was done by an Austrian Pediatrician, Hans Asperger in 1994. Hans noticed that some of the children that had been referred to his clinic had similar personality and behavioral traits (Attwood, 2007). They were socially awkward, lacked empathy and were physically clumsy. He also noticed they had an intense interest and knowledge of one or few particular subjects. Hans’s work was not well known or used because it was written during World War II, in German and the Journal it had been published in was discontinued. Hans did not live to see his research become an official diagnosis let alone be named after him. Lorna Wing, a British Child Psychiatrist, was the first to use the phrase â€Å"Asperger’s Syndrome† in an article she wrote in 1981. In 1991 his work was translated into English and in 1992 Asperger’s Syndrome was added to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (tenth revision, ICD-10), published by the World Health Organization (Slaughter, 2009). Some experts argue whether AS is really a different disorder or just a milder form of autism (Slaughter, 2009). Many of the traits are the same but the distinct differences are, those with Asperger’s have normal language and intellectual development and make more of an eff... ...to win, and never gave up. He and his partner Justin had a great relationship and worked well together. Many thought Zev would be the cause of their eventual elimination and many admired Justin for his loyalty, support and trust in his friend with AS. Justin was the one that ended up losing their passports in Asia causing them to be sent home. Zev and Justin took 9th place (Bruckheimer, Amazing Race 15, 2009). They were so well liked by viewers that they were given a second chance and participated in season 18’s Unfinished Business. They took first in more legs of the race than any other team and placed fourth overall. They were eliminated after Zev took over an hour to learn a few steps of the Samba in Brazil. But he learned them. (Those darn motor skills) Zev did the race to prove to himself that he could do anything and to inspire others. And he did!

Working Capital Managment

Management Of Working Capital Introduction Working Capital-Definition Working Capital is the cash needed to pay for the day to day operation of the business. Along with long term investments , business also needs funds for short-term purposes to finance current operations. Investment in short term assets like cash, inventories, debtors etc. , is called ‘Short-term Funds’ or ‘Working Capital’. Hence, the management of Working Capital is very important for the smooth running of business. Calcution of Working CapitalWorking Capital of a company is the difference between the Current Assets and the Current Liabilities of the company. Working capital=Current Assets-Current Liabilities Current Assets: Assets of the business held in the form of cash(e. g cash at the bank) or that can be quickly turned into cash. Current Assests Stocks Cash Debtors Investments Current Liabilities: Money owed by a business organization which is to be paid within next 12 months Current Liabilities Trade Creditors DividendsTaxation Short term loans Circulating capital – working capital is also known as circulating capital or current capital. ’ â€Å"The use of the term circulating capital instead of working capital indicates that its flow is circular in nature. † Structure of Working Capital The different elements or components of current assets and current liabilities constitute the structure of working capital which can be illustrated in the shape of a chart as follows: Working Capital Cycle makes it clear that the amount of cash is obtained mainly from issue of shares, borrowing and operations.Cash funds are used to purchase fixed assets, raw materials and used to pay to creditors. The raw materials are processed; wages and overhead expenses are paid which in result produce finished goods for sale. Working Capital circulation is like the blood circulation in the human body as once it stops the whole business becomes lifeless. Classification of Working Capital Working Capital can be classified in various ways. Conceptual classification – There are two concept of working capital viz. , quantitative and qualitative.The quantitative concept takes into account as the current assets while the qualitative concept takes into account the excess of current assets over current liabilities. Deficit of working capital exists where the amount of current liabilities exceeds the amount of current assets. The above can be summarized as follows: (i) Gross Working Capital = Total Current Assets (ii) Net Working Capital = Excess of Current Assets over Current Liabilities (iii) Working Capital Deficit = Excess of Current Liabilities over Current Assets. Classification on the basis of financial reports – The nformation of working capital can be collected from Balance Sheet or Profit and Loss Account; as such the working capital may be classified as follows: (i) Cash Working Capital– This is calculated from the informat ion contained in profit and loss account. This concept of working capital has assumed a great significance in recent years as it shows the adequacy of cash flow in business. It is based on ‘Operating Cycle Concept’s (ii) Balance Sheet Working Capital– The data for Balance Sheet Working Capital is collected from the balance sheet. On this basis the Working Capital can also be divided in three more types, viz. gross Working Capital, net Working Capital and Working Capital deficit. Classification on the Basis of Variability – Gross Working Capital can be divided in two categories viz. ,(i) permanent or fixed working capital, and (ii) Temporary, Seasonal or variable working capital. Such type of classification is very important for hedging decisions. (i) Temporary Working Capital – Temporary Working Capital is also called as fluctuating or seasonal working capital. This represents additional investment needed during prosperity An favorable seasons. It i ncreases with the growth of the business. Temporary working capital is the additional assets required to meet the variations in sales above the permanent level. † This can be calculated as follows: Temporary Working Capital = Total Current Assets – permanent Current Assets (ii) Permanent Working Capital – It is a part of total current assets which is not changed due to variation in sales. There is always a minimum level of cash, inventories, and accounts receivables which is always maintained in the business even if sales are reduced to a minimum. Amount of such investment is called as permanent working capital. Permanent Working Capital is the amount of working capital that persists over time regardless of fluctuations in sales. † This is also called as regular working capital. Importance of Working Capital Management For smooth running an enterprise, adequate amount of working capital is very essential. Efficiency in this area can help, to utilize fixed a ssets gainfully, to assure the firm’s long- term success and to achieve the overall goal of maximization of the shareholders, fund. Shortage or bad management of cash may result in loss of cash discount and loss of reputation due to non-payment of obligation on due dates.Insufficient inventories may be the main cause of production held up and it may compel the enterprises to purchase raw materials at unfavorable rates. Like-wise facility of credit sale is also very essential for sales promotions. It is rightly observed that â€Å"many a times business failure takes place due to lack of working capital. Adequate working capital provides a cushion for bad days, a concern can pass its period of depression without much difficulty. The significance of adequate working capital is â€Å"to avoid interruption in the production schedule and maintain sales, a concern equires funds to finance inventories and receivables. † The adequacy of cash and current assets together with th eir efficient handling virtually determines the survival or demise of a concern. An enterprise should maintain adequate working capital for its smooth functioning. Both, excessive working capital and inadequate working capital will impair the profitability and general health of a concern. The danger of excessive working capital are as follows: Heavy investment in fixed assets –A concern may invest heavily in its fixed assets which is not justified by actual sales.This may create situation of over capitalization. Reckless purchase of materials- Inventory is purchased recklessly which results in dormant slow moving and obsolete inventory. At the same time it may increase the cost due to mishandling, waste, theft, etc. Speculative tendencies – Speculative tendencies may increase and if profit is increased dividend distribution will also increase. This will hamper the image of a concern in future when speculative loss may start. Liberal credit – Due to liberal credi t, size of accounts receivables will also increase.Liberal credit facility can increase bad debts and wrong practices will start, regarding delay in payments. Carelessness – Excessive working capital will lead to carelessness about costs which will adversely affect the profitability. Paucity of working capitalist also bad and has the following dangers: 1. Implementation of operating plans becomes difficult and a concern may not achieve its profit target. 2. It is difficult to pay dividend due to lack of funds. 3. Bargaining capacity is reduced in credit purchases and cash discount could not be availed. 4.An enterprise looses its reputation when it becomes difficult even to meet day-to- day commitments. 5. Operating inefficiencies may creep in when a concern cannot meet it financial promises. 6. Stagnates growth as the funds are not available for new projects. 7. A concern will have to borrow funds at an exorbitant rate of interest in case of need. 8. Sometimes, a concern may be bound to sale its product at a very reduced rates to collect funds which may harm its image. Meaning of Working Capital Management The management of current assets, current liabilities and inter-relationship between them is termed as working capital management. Working capital management is concerned with problems that arise in attempting to manage the current assets, the current liabilities and the inter-relationship that exist between them. † In practice, â€Å"There is usually a distinction made between the investment decisions concerning current assets and the financing of working capital. † From the above, the following two aspects of working capital management emerges: (1) To determine the magnitude of current assets or â€Å"level of working capital† and (2) To determine the mode of financing or â€Å"hedging decisions. Significance of Working Capital Management Funds are needed in every business for carrying on day-to-day operations. Working capital f unds are regarded as the life blood of a business firm. A firm can exist and survive without making profit but cannot survive without working capital funds. If a firm is not earning profit it may be termed as ‘sick’, but, not having working capital may cause its bankruptcy working capital in order to survive. The alternatives are not pleasant. Bankruptcy is one alternative. Being acquired on unfavorable term as another.Thus, each firm must decide how to balance the amount of working capital it holds, against the risk of failure. † Working capital has acquired a great significance and sound position in the recent past for the twin objects of profitability and liquidity. In period of rising capital costs and scare funds, the working capital is one of the most important areas requiring management review. It is rightly observed that, â€Å"Constant management review is required to maintain appropriate levels in the various working capital accounts. †Mainly the success of a concern depends upon proper management of working capital so â€Å"working capital management has been looked upon as the driving seat of financial manager. † It consumes a great deal of time to increase profitability as well as to maintain proper liquidity at minimum risk. There are many aspects of working capital management which make it an important function of the finance manager. In fact we need to know when to look for working capital funds, how to use them and how measure, plan and control them. A study of working capital management is very important for internal and external experts.Sales expansion, dividend declaration, plants expansion, new product line, increase in salaries and wages ,rising price level, etc. , put added strain on working capital maintenance. Failure of any enterprise is undoubtedly due to poor management and absence of management skill. Importance of working capital management stems from two reasons, viz. , (i) A substantial portion o f total investment is invested in current assets, and (ii) level of current assets and current liabilities will change quickly with the variation in sales.Though fixed assets investment and long-term borrowing will also response to the changes in sales, but its response will be weak. Conclusion Although some companies began the process of improving their working capital management five or even 10 years ago, many others were driven to focus on the issues by funding disruptions and cash shortages brought by the global crisis. The effects of the many challenges faced by large companies during that period are evident today in both operational practices and strategic priorities.

Major Risk Factors Of Cardiovascular Diseases Health And Social Care Essay

Methodology: An urban based descriptive, cross sectional, quantitative survey was conducted among 144 adolescent pupils of class XI and XII in one populace and one private higher secondary schools of Kathmandu territory. Students and schools were selected purposively. Datas were collected with the aid of semi structured ego administered questionnaire. Questionnaire was based on Likert graduated table. Data analysis was performed by utilizing SPSS 17.0 for Windows. Consequences: Overall 36.8 per centum of respondents had good cognition, 55.6 per centum had fair cognition and the left 7.6 per centum had hapless cognition sing the major hazard factors of CVDs. Beginnings of wellness information was found statistically important ( p=0.004 ) with the cognition of respondents. Sing overall attitude, the bulk ( 47.9 % ) had the impersonal attitude followed by positive ( 31.9 % ) and one fifth possessed negative attitudes. Knowledge versus attitude sing the major hazard factors of CVDs was found statistically important ( p=0.002 ) . Decision: Consequences of this survey revealed that good cognition every bit good as positive attitude towards major hazard factors of CVDs among the adolescent pupils is unsatisfactory. And socio demographic factors for good cognition and good cognition for the development of positive attitude dramas critical function. Cardinal words: Knowledge, Attitude, Major hazard factors, Cardiovascular diseases, AdolescentIntroductionCardiovascular diseases ( CVDs ) are a group of upsets of the bosom and blood vessels.1 Surveies have shown that some people are at greater hazard of cardiovascular disease than others. Factors linked to an increased hazard of developing cardiovascular disease are heredity or household history, age, sex, baccy chewing/smoking, raised blood cholesterin degree, high blood force per unit area, physical inaction, inordinate intoxicant ingestion, corpulence and obesity.2 Although cardiovascular diseases typically occur in in-between age or subsequently, hazard factors are determined to a great extent by behaviors learned in childhood and continued into maturity, such as dietetic wonts and smoke. Throughout the universe, these hazards are get downing to look earlier. Physical activity decreases markedly in adolescence, peculiarly in misss. Obesity has increased well, non merely in Euro pe and North America, but besides in traditionally slight populations such as the Chinese and Japanese.3 By the clip that bosom jobs are detected, the implicit in cause ( coronary artery disease ) is normally rather advanced, holding progressed for decennaries. There is hence increased accent on forestalling coronary artery disease by modifying hazard factors, such as healthy feeding, exercising and turning away of smoking.4 More than half of the Nepali work forces and about one fifth of the Nepali adult females were found Current baccy users ( both fume and smokeless signifiers ) . And the average age of the start of smoke was found to be 18.8 old ages for work forces and 12.9 old ages for adult females. Similarly more than one 4th of the respondents were found to be current users of alcoholic drinks. Around 9 % of the population was found to hold reported prevalence of high BP as told by their wellness attention professional. And around 7 % in both sexes were identified fleshy whereas out of entire respondents, more than 80 % were found holding either one or more hazard factors.5 Bed tenancy rate of Shahid Gangalal National Heart Center was 85.61 % which was the 2nd highest among the cardinal infirmaries. And the instance burden of the in the same infirmary during Fiscal Old ages 2005 to 2008 was in increasing tendency by more than 14 % per year.6 CVDs are the taking cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.7 The South Asiatic states Nepal, India, Pakistan, Sri-Lanka and Bangladesh contribute most to the worldwide CVDs load. 8 In Nepal, it is estimated that 5.6 % of people populating in the mountains, 1.5 % in the hills and 5 % of people in the terai part suffer from CVDs. Five to 20 % of grownups are reported to endure from high blood pressure, with a lower prevalence in the rural countries. 9MethodologyAn urban based descriptive, cross sectional, quantitative survey was conducted among 15-19 old ages old adolescent pupils of Kathmandu territory. The survey was took topographic point after the blessing of research proposal by the research commission at the Department of Community Medicine and Family Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University. The questionnaire for the study was constructed taking mention of WHO STEPS Manual for chronic disease. To mensurate the peculiar and overall attitude widely utilizing Likert graduated table was applied. The questionnaire was prepared in Nepali, a local linguistic communication, so that pupils could understand easy. Questionnaire was pretested. Before the study conductivity intent of the survey was explained and informed consent was taken from school disposal every bit good as from the pupils. Schools and pupils were selected purposively. Selected both of the schools were from Maharajgunj vicinity of Kathmandu territory. Among the two schools selected, one was public ( Shivapuri Higher Secondary School ) and another was private ( Orient International College ) . All present pupils of one subdivision in each of class XI and XII were involved to make full up the ego administered semi structured questionnaire. Out of entire 492 pupils enrolled 144 ( 29.3 % of the sum ) were selected, 75 from grade XI and 69 from Twelve, for the survey. Data analysis was performed by utilizing SPSS 17.0 for Windows. To prove the statistical significance of cross tabulated in formations, non parametric chi-square trial was applied. Study took topographic point in November 2010.ConsequencesSocio demographic Features of the Study PopulationMedian age of the respondent was 17 old ages. Sexual activity ratio was 1.03 ( M: F ) . Brahmin/Chhetri possessed 47.9 per centum followed by Mongolians ( 26.4 % ) , Newar ( 19.4 % ) and other castes ( Majhi, Pariyar, Tharu etc ) possessed 6.3 per centum. Major faith was Hindu ( 84 % ) followed by Buddhism ( 11.8 % ) and 4.2 per centum were Christian. Most of the respondents ( 83.3 % ) belonged to middle category household followed by higher category ( 14.5 % ) and 2.08 per centum were from lower category household. 20.8 per centum of respondents ‘ male parent and 46.5 per centum respondents ‘ female parent had no formal instruction at all. Service, agribusiness, concern and homemaker were the major businesss of the respondent ‘s parents. Sing the question whether they had of all time known anyone ( fam ily/friends/relatives ) diagnosed as CVD. Remarkable per centum ( 42.4 % ) was responded as â€Å" yes † . Similarly sing the question about chief beginning of wellness information, the bulk ( 44.5 % ) were responded that they were acquiring the wellness information from electronic media ( Television, Radio, Internet ) followed by Family/friends/health worker ( 28.4 % ) and from publishing media such a newspaper, curricular books etc. ( 27.1 % ) .Knowledge sing the major hazard factorsThe highest 91.7 per centum respondents identified baccy chew/ fume as a hazard factor followed by inordinate intoxicant ingestion ( 88.9 % ) , fatty/oily/ high cholesterin ( 87.5 % ) , high BP ( 86.1 % ) , obesity/overweight ( 69.4 % ) , physical inaction ( 59.7 % ) , old age ( 52.8 % ) and the respondents who identified heredity as a hazard factor of CVDs was 48.6 per centum.Knowledge rating sing the CVD hazard factorsTable 1 shows that the highest ( 55.6 % ) had the just cognition followed by good cognition ( 36.8 % ) and 7.6 per centum had hapless cognition.Table 1: Knowledge rating sing the CVD hazard factors ( N= 144 )Knowledge GradingNumber ( n )Percent ( % )Poor ( & lt ; 4 right response ) Fair ( 4 – 5 right response ) Good ( & gt ; 5 right response ) Entire 11 80 53 144 7.6 55.6 36.8 100.0Analysis of cognition by socio-demographic features of respondentsFindingss show that good cognition was higher in males ( 42.5 % ) than the females ( 31.0 % ) . Majority of respondents of Newar ethnics ( 53.6 % ) possessed good cognition than that of other ethnics. Good cognition was found highest among respondents of higher category household ( 38.1 % ) followed by in-between category ( 36.7 % ) and lower category household ( 33.3 % ) . Findingss besides show respondent ‘s good cognition was higher among them whose parent ‘s educational position was high. Good cognition was found higher ( 41.0 % ) among those respondents who had of all time known person diagnosed as CVDs. Those who had responded household friends/health works every bit chief beginning of wellness information had higher good cognition ( 43.9 % ) and it is statistically important ( p=0.004 ) at 5 per centum of significance degree.Attitude sing major hazard factors:Attitude of respondents sing the maj or hazard factors of CVDs were assessed through already pretested eight attitudes proving statements based on the Likert graduated table. Sing the statement â€Å" CVD is an old age job so I do n't care † two 3rd ( 66.7 % ) of the respondents showed their strongly dissension followed by dissension ( 18.1 % ) . Sing the statement â€Å" CVD is either heredity job or non, I do n't care † bulk ( 55.6 % ) of respondents showed their strongly dissension followed by dissension ( 22.9 % ) . Similarly, sing the statement â€Å" High BP is a minor job so no demand to worry about † 30.6 per centum of respondents showed their strongly dissension every bit good as dissension followed by understanding ( 21.5 % ) . Sing the statement â€Å" Majority of physically inactive people get CVD † 46.5 per centum of respondents showed their understanding followed by strongly understanding ( 25 % ) . Likewise, attitude sing the statement â€Å" Tobacco chewing/smoking cause CVD ; non certain † 35.4 per centum of respondents showed their strongly dissension followed by dissension ( 26.4 % ) . Similarly, attit ude sing the statement â€Å" Over weight: godown of diseases/CVD † more than half ( 52.1 % ) of respondents showed their understanding followed strongly understanding ( 26.4 % ) . Sing the statement â€Å" Fatty diet taking old people are still alive † more than one 3rd ( 34.7 % ) of respondents showed their dissension followed by strongly disagreement ( 29.2 % ) . Similarly, sing the statement â€Å" Consumption of inordinate intoxicant is to ask for CVD † 42.4 per centum of respondents showed their understanding followed by strongly understanding ( 41.7 % ) .Attitude rating sing CVD hazard factorsTable 2 shows that the highest ( 47.9 % ) had the impersonal attitude followed by positive ( 31.9 % ) and 20.1 per centum had negative attitude.Table 2: Attitude rating sing CVD hazard factors ( N=144 )Knowledge GradingNumber ( n )Percent ( % )Negative ( & lt ; 4 positive response ) Neutral ( 4-5 positive response ) Positive ( & gt ; 5 positive response ) Entire 29 69 46 144 20.1 47.9 31.9 100.0Knowledge versus attitude sing CVD hazard factorsTable 3 shows that respondents holding hapless cognition had highest ( 54.5 % ) negative attitude whereas respondents holding just cognition had the highest impersonal ( 53.8 % ) attitude and those holding good cognition had the highest positive attitude toward the major hazard factors of CVDs and it is besides statistically important ( p= 0.002 ) at 5 per centum of significance degree.Table 3: Knowledge versus attitude sing CVD hazard factorsCognition Attitude sing CVD hazard factorsNegativeImpersonalPoor Carnival Good 6 ( 54.5 ) 17 ( 21.3 ) 6 ( 11.3 ) 4 ( 36.4 ) 43 ( 53.8 ) 22 ( 41.5 )DiscussionFindingss suggested that adolescent pupils lack overall cognition sing the major hazard factors of cardiovascular diseases and are consistent with the survey conducted among the pupils of classs ( 9-12 ) from four high schools of Michigan, USA in 2005.10 The figure of respondents who knew high blood force per unit area as hazard factor ( 86.1 % ) was lower ( over 91 % ) , baccy chewing/smoking ( 91.7 % ) was slight more ( over 90 % ) , physically inactive ( 59.7 % ) was lower ( over 72 % ) than reported by Richard Frost, MD, in an survey conducted in pupils of State University of New York at Plattsburgh in 2006. 11 The figure of respondents who had shown positive attitude sing the hazard factors such as physically inactive ( 71.5 % ) was lower ( over 88 % ) , baccy chewing/smoking ( 61.8 % ) was higher ( over 55 % ) , high fatso, oily/cholesterol diet ( 63.9 % ) was lower ( over 91 % ) than that of reported by Aysha Almas et Al. in an survey conducted in University pupils of Karanchi, Pakistan in 2005. 12 The findings of the survey show that boys possessed more â€Å" good cognition † than misss. This difference can partially be explained by the patriarchal society where gender favoritism is prevailing. Normally male childs have higher chance to have information as they are more open to the outer universe than that of misss. The findings of the survey stress the influence of socio demographic variables on the degree of cognition. Knowledge sing major hazard factors varied among different cultural groups. Respondents belonging to Newar ethnics had highest â€Å" good cognition † followed by Brahmin/Chhetri, Mangolian and others severally. This may be due to Newars are locals of capital metropolis and Brahmins/Chhetri are frontward advantageous group since antediluvian. In instance of parents educational position highest good cognition was observed in respondents holding their parent ‘s educational position higher. And the lowest cognition was observed in respondents holding their parent ‘s educational position as no formal instruction. Therefore it can be said that parent ‘s instruction has decidedly played some function in the respondents ‘ cognition. It may be because educated parents might hold taught their offspring about the healthful behaviours. Sing the chief beginning of wellness information good cognition was found highest ( 43.9 % ) among the human resource users followed by publishing media ( 30.7 % ) and electronic media ( 28.1 % ) . This might be due to easy handiness of fee suggestions in our society by people. Positive attitude among the respondents who preferred the printing media as chief beginning of wellness information was found higher. It might be due to in depth information that we can acquire from printed stuffs such as newspaper, books etc. Finding of Knowledge versus attitude cross tabular matter besides shows that those who had higher cognition possessed positive attitude and frailty versa. This might be due to the demand of cognition for the attitude formation.decisionConsequences of the survey show that good cognition and positive attitude sing the major hazard factors of CVDs among the adolescent pupils of Kathmandu territory are unsatisfactory. And socio demographic factors for the development of good cognition and good cognition for the development of positive attitude dramas critical function. Due to the altering life manner of Nepali people these yearss, they are more susceptibleness to life manner related diseases like CVDs. Therefore to forestall CVDs, timely acceptance of healthful wonts are most and the really age group for this is the stripling. Adolescent centered activities that can raise cognition and develop positive attitude towards hazard factors so that healthful wonts can be formed are strongly rec ommended.recognitionI would wish to show my sincere gratitude to the Department of Community Medicine and Family Health, Institute of Medicine for supplying me an chance to carry on this research work. I would besides wish to widen my profound gratitude to my research supervisor Associate Prof. Dr. Rajendra Raj Wagle for his nonstop counsel and punctilious redaction of faux pass.